Easyanswers.blog.com

 Can Plants take CO2 at night: NO, Plants cannot take co2 during night time. During night light is absent so photosynthesis process does not takes place. As Photosynthesis process involves intake of CO2 in the presence of light. Plants just respire during night time and no photosynthesis process takes place. In Respiration plants intake O2 and releases CO2 just like other respiratory processes. Instead of taking of CO2 plants releases CO2 during night time.

 Adjuvants: The substances which are useful for the enhancement of antibody production are called as Adjuvants. Adjuvants are structurally heterogenic compounds. Antigens introduced along with adjuvants will be helpful in the following things: 1. Make the antigen works for long durations. Ex: Alluminium potassium sulphate. 2. Help in granuloma formation. 3. Development of constimulating signals. 4. Proliferation of non specific lymphocytes. Generally both antigen and adjuvant administered into the body due to this it works more effectively. Examples: Examples for Adjuvants are Aluminium or Calcium salts, non-ionic polymers, lipopolysaccharides, Silica granules, Berilium sulphate, Salts, Oils, Endotoxins, Alum, Alluminium hydroxide, Alluminium phosphate, Freund's incomplete adjuvants, Freund's complete antigen etc... Freund's complete adjuvant is the most effective adjuvant. Types of Adjuvants:  1)The Complete adjuvant is the one containing an Antigen in aqueous suspensio

Types of Stomata:  On the basis of size, shape, number and and arrangement of Subsidiary cells stomata are classified into six types. Metcalf and Chalk defferentiated various types of stomata. A. Anamocytic: Guard cells are surrounded by 4 or more subsidiary cells which are similar in size and shape. Two subsidiary cells are present in bothpolar regions of guard cells and the remaining two are present on two lateral sides. Ex: Rananculaceae, Papaveraceae, Tridax procumbans. B. Anisocytic: Guard cells are surrounded by 3 subsidiary cells and are differ in size. Two subsidiary cells are bigger in size at lateral sides and one cell in smaller in size at one polar region of guard cells. Ex: Cruciferae, Umbilliferae, Datura. C. Paracytic: Guard cells are surrounded by two large subsidiary cells which are similar in size and are present at the two lateral sides of the guard cells. Ex: Rubiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Ixora. D. Diacytic: Guard cells are surrounded by two large subsidiary cells which

  STOMATA: Stomata is a small longitudinal pore resent on the epidermal layer of cells in plants.   Stomata helps in exchange of gases in plant cells. It helps in respiration in plants. The whole structure of stomata consist of two guard cells which is surrounded by Subsidiary cells or Accessory cells. Subsidiary cells are specialised parenchymatous thick walled epidermal cells surrouding the Guard cells.   In Dicots the Guard cells are kidney shape or bean shape. In Monocots, the shape of Guard cells is Dumble shape. The dorsal wall of guard cells are thin and elastic in nature. The ventral wall of guard cell is non-elastic and thick.  

 Heptanes: Heptanes are the smallest molecules which by itself cannot stimulate the production of antibodies but it combines with other chemicals and acts as Antigens and stimulates Immunogenecity. Hence heptanes are also known as Partial Antigens or Incomplete Antigens. Heptanes are less than 10,000 daltons range and probably cannot initiate Immunogenecity. Hence these have to combine with other molecules to act as an Antigen. When the heptanes bind covalently with large protein molecules and they become immunogenic. These large protein molecules are called as Carriers. For Example: Dinitro phenol (DNP) combines with Bovine serum albumin and acts as an Antigen.

General Characteristics   : Mycoplasma is a form of bacteria which was stidied by Nocard and Roux in 1998. Nowork named ita s Mycoplasma like organism. These are also called as Pleuropneumonia like organisms. Mycoplasma lacks celk wall and so have no shape i.e. pleomorphic in nature. Hence they are called as ''Jokers in the microbiological pack''. They were first isolated from Bovine sheep suffering from pleuropneumonia. The human infertility and abortions are now known to be due to mycoplasma infections in the urinogenetical tract. Many plant diseases eg., Aster yellow, Potato witches broom and Dwarg disease of mulberry are due to mycoplasma. In 1966, International Committee of Nomenclature of Bacteria, recognised Mycoplasma, as different form of bacteria and placed them under a seperate class-Molicutes which consists of two genera-Mycoplasma and Acholeplasm. It has no cell wall, A three layered Plasma membrane is present as outer covering. These are unicellular, non

AUXINS:  Darwin performed some experiments on canary grass. In his experiments, when the coleoptile of grass was unilaterally illuminated, it curved towards the source of light. The experiments done by him confirms some interations  between the tip and light and light resulting in curvature of tip.     Went removed the tip of avena coleoptile and placed it on agar-agar block for a measured length of time and it produces a positive curvature. He named this substance as Auxin. Isolation of Auxin Kosland Hargen-Smith isolated Auxin-A from human urine. Kogl, Erxlaben and Hargen- smith isolated Auxin-B from corn germ oil. It was chemically identified as Indole-3 Acetic Acid(IAA). Biosynthesis of Auxins Thimann 1935 observed the fungus Rhizopus Suinus can convert the amino acid Tryptophan into IAA. Transport: Auxins occurs in the meristems. It is transported polarly and movement is basipetal. Physiological effects: Induces cell elongation Plays an importan

Growth in plants: Growth is irreversible and permenant increase in size of cell or tissue or organ or entire plant body. It is always accompained by metabolic associated reactions. Growth in plants is indeterminate and grows till death due to the activity of meristems in plants. Growth can be measured by increase in protoplasmic content, fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, volume and number of cells.  Phases of growth: In plants growtg and development each cell undergoes three phases. 1. Meristematic phase:       In this phase meristematic cells divides continuously. The cells are active and this phase is also called as Cell-division Phase. 2. Elongation phase:        The cells which are formed in meristematic phase becomes enlarged in thier size and forms vacoules at the centre of the cell. 3. Maturation phase:          The cells are matured and differentiated into tissues to perform special functions like transportation food, water, minerals, etc,..

POLLINATION: In a simple words pollination us the transfer of pollen grains from anther lobe to the stigma of gyneocium. Types of pollination: Two types of pollination has been observed. They are. 1. Cleistogamy 2. Chasmogamy Cleistogamy: Pollination that occurs in unopened flowers is called Cleistogamy. Ex. Sereteocarpus. Chasmogamy: Pollination that occurs in opened flowers is called Chasmogamy. There are two types in this type. They are. 1. Self pollination or Autogamy. 2. Cross pollination. 1.Autogamy or Self Pollination.  The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of same flower is called Autogamy or Self Pollination. 2. Cross-Pollination.  Teansfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of another flower is known as cross pollination. It is again of two types. Geitonogamy.  xenogamy. Geitonogamy:  It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of another flower of same plant is called